Dyslexia
Difficulty sounding out unfamiliar words; guesses based on first letter
Practical strategies for supporting every learner in your classroom.
These 60 persona cards are designed for K–12 classroom teachers, special educators, and support staff. Each card centers a specific disability, chronic health condition, or learning difference, offering grade-band observations, strengths, accommodations, assistive technology recommendations, and IEP considerations. This resource is grounded in the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and the protections established under IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) to help educators understand, anticipate, and meaningfully support students with disabilities across all settings.
Difficulty sounding out unfamiliar words; guesses based on first letter
Handwriting is slow, effortful, inconsistent in size and spacing
Cannot reliably recall basic addition/subtraction facts after typical instruction
Reads text aloud accurately but cannot summarize or answer questions
Strong reader and verbal communicator; poor math problem-solver
Frequently off-task during independent work; stares into space
Frequently out of seat during work time; fidgets constantly when seated
Frequently off-task AND out of seat during the same lesson
Sits with a blank page long after classmates have begun
Consistently last to finish — by a significant margin
Limited or absent spoken language; may use AAC device, PECS, or gestures
Speaks in full sentences but conversation is one-sided or scripted
Socially isolated; approaches peers in ways that are misread or rejected
Refuses demands that seem simple or reasonable, including things they enjoy
Advanced academic performance in some domains alongside significant behavioral challenges
Seeks constant reassurance from the teacher ('Is this right? Am I doing okay?')
Frequent late arrivals, often following physical complaints (stomachache, headache)
Explosive outbursts (screaming, crying, throwing materials) over small frustrations
Hypervigilant — monitors the room, flinches at sudden sounds or movements
Argues about or refuses nearly every adult direction
Verbal responses are short, simplified, or filled with filler words and pauses
Follows class routines but is lost when the routine breaks
Repetitions ('I-I-I want to...'), prolongations ('Ssssnake'), or silent blocks before words
Does not speak at school, or only whispers to one or two peers
Dominates conversations with monologues about their topic
Holds materials unusually close or moves toward visual displays
Asks for repetition or seems confused when instructions aren't clearly seen
Difficulty with handwriting, cutting, or other fine motor academic tasks
Extreme reactions to sounds, textures, smells, or visual stimulation
Frequent or prolonged absences for medical appointments or illness episodes
Academic skills significantly below grade level in all areas
Limited verbal communication; may use AAC, sign, or picture exchange
Academic skills developing below grade level with significant individual variation
Developmental milestones (language, motor, social) that lag significantly behind same-age peers
Remarkable verbal reasoning or creative production in areas of strength
Significant memory difficulties — forgets recently learned material
Needs intensive support across multiple domains simultaneously
Limited access to visual and auditory information in the environment
Challenges in both English language acquisition and other developmental domains
Remarkably high performance in some domains alongside significant deficits in others
Sudden complaints of severe joint, chest, or abdominal pain requiring immediate nurse referral
Persistent, productive cough that is louder and more frequent than a typical cold
Sudden mood shift — irritability, tearfulness, or unusual silliness without identifiable cause (possible hypoglycemia)
Brief, repetitive staring episodes with unresponsiveness and eye blinking — possible absence seizures
Extended and unpredictable absences for treatment cycles, hospitalizations, or immune-compromised recovery periods
Requests to use the restroom frequently, urgently, and sometimes immediately after just returning
Sudden complaints of severe headache, often preceded by complaints of seeing spots or blurry vision (aura)
Refusal to eat certain foods; anxiety around food-sharing, birthday treats, or cafeteria trays
Slow, stiff movement at the start of the day — especially after sitting for extended periods
Unusual joint flexibility that causes instability — may trip, fall, or injure easily during normal activities
Requires scheduled nurse visits for intermittent catheterization (every 2–3 hours); may be away from class briefly and predictably
Moves carefully and deliberately; avoids crowded hallways, rough play, and sudden contact
Completes tasks such as writing, cutting, and manipulating materials using adaptive strategies (mouth, feet, modified grip) that may look different but are effective
Requires a step stool or adapted furniture to reach standard-height desks, sinks, cubbies, and interactive whiteboards
Repetitive movements or sounds that the student cannot voluntarily suppress for long periods (eye blinking, throat clearing, shoulder jerking)
Difficulty connecting actions to consequences; may repeat the same rule-breaking behavior after multiple corrections
Strong startle response to unexpected sounds, touch, or sudden movement; may freeze, cry, or lash out
Holds materials very close to the face or uses an unusual head tilt to focus — these are compensatory strategies, not signs of inattention
Responds more reliably to brightly colored, moving, or familiar objects than to printed black-and-white materials
Frequently asks for repetition or says 'what?' — especially when the teacher is speaking from the student's impaired-ear side